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Python【04】【基础部分】- 模块
阅读量:5023 次
发布时间:2019-06-12

本文共 26278 字,大约阅读时间需要 87 分钟。

内容参考:

一、自定义模块

模块是实现某个功能的代码集合

模块分为三种:

  • 自定义模块
  • 内置模块
  • 开源模块

1、模块的定义

(1)单一.py文件也可以被当作一个模块,导入时,解释器会解释此文件

(2)一个文件夹可以被定义为一个模块,但是文件夹内必须包含一个“__init__.py”文件,导入时,解释器会解释此文件

2、模块的导入

(1)导入模块的方法

import modulefrom module.xx.xx import xxfrom module.xx.xx import xx as rename   from module.xx.xx import *

(2)模块路径

import sysprint sys.path   # 可使用模块位置# ['/data/python/day5', '/usr/lib/python2.7', '/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old', '/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages']

(3)手动添加路径到sys.path

import sysimport ospre_path = os.path.abspath('../')sys.path.append(pre_path)

二、开源模块

1、模块下载安装方法

下载的方式有很多,yum、pip….

下载源码包后,解压编译安装

# python setup.py build# python setup.py install

在安装时需要提前gcc与python开发环境,安装完成后会自动添加到sys.path中

# centos方式$ yum install gcc$ yum install python-devel# ubuntu方式$ apt-get python-dev

2、模块的导入

导入方法与自定义一样

3、开源模块 Paramiko

paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。

(1)下载安装

# pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto   # 下载安装 pycrypto$ wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz$ tar -xvf pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz$ cd pycrypto-2.6.1$ python setup.py build$ python setup.py install   # 进入python环境,导入Crypto检查是否安装成功   # 下载安装 paramiko$ wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/wupeiqi/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz$ tar -xvf paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz$ cd paramiko-1.10.1$ python setup.py build$ python setup.py install   # 进入python环境,导入paramiko检查是否安装成功

(2)使用实例

#!/usr/bin/env python#coding:utf-8import paramikossh = paramiko.SSHClient()ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123')stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')print stdout.read()ssh.close();
执行命令 - 通过用户名和密码连接服务器
import paramikoprivate_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key)stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')print stdout.read()ssh.close()
执行命令 - 过密钥链接服务器
import os,sysimport paramikot = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123')sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py') t.close()import os,sysimport paramikot = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123')sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py')t.close()
上传或者下载文件 - 通过用户名和密码
import paramikopravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key)sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py') t.close()import paramikopravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key)sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py') t.close()
上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥

三、内置模块

1、OS

提供系统级别的操作

os.getcwd()              # 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname")      # 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cdos.curdir                # 返回当前目录: ('.')os.pardir                # 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..')os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')        # 可生成多层递归目录os.removedirs('dirname1')               # 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推os.mkdir('dirname')      # 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirnameos.rmdir('dirname')      # 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirnameos.listdir('dirname')    # 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印os.remove()              # 删除一个文件os.rename("oldname","newname")          # 重命名文件/目录os.stat('path/filename')                # 获取文件/目录信息os.sep                   # 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"os.linesep               # 输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"os.pathsep               # 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串os.name                  # 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'os.system("bash command")               # 运行shell命令,直接显示os.environ               # 获取系统环境变量os.path.abspath(path)    # 返回path规范化的绝对路径os.path.split(path)      # 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回os.path.dirname(path)    # 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素os.path.basename(path)   # 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素os.path.exists(path)     # 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回Falseos.path.isabs(path)      # 如果path是绝对路径,返回Trueos.path.isfile(path)     # 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.isdir(path)      # 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])     # 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略os.path.getatime(path)   # 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间

2、SYS

提供对解释器相关的操作

sys.argv                # 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径sys.exit(n)             # 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)sys.version             # 获取Python解释程序的版本信息sys.maxint              # 最大的Int值sys.path                # 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值sys.platform            # 返回操作系统平台名称sys.stdout.write('please:')val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

3、Hashlib

用于加密相关的操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法

## md5 ##import md5hash = md5.new()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()## sha ##import shahash = sha.new()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()
md5 & sha 将被废弃

hashlib 加密

import hashlib   # ######## md5 ########   hash = hashlib.md5()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()   # ######## sha1 ########   hash = hashlib.sha1()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()   # ######## sha256 ########   hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()     # ######## sha384 ########   hash = hashlib.sha384()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()   # ######## sha512 ########   hash = hashlib.sha512()hash.update('admin')print hash.hexdigest()

虽然hashlib的加密已经足够强大,但是还是可以通过撞库返解,python中的hashmac的加密方式是对内容创建key然后再进行加密

import hmach = hmac.new('wueiqi')h.update('hellowo')print h.hexdigest()

4、json和pickle

json与pickle都是用于序列化的两个模块,其作用是进行不同语言与不同程序内存之间的数据交换

  • json用于字符串与简单的python数据类型间进行转换,它适用于大多数语言
  • pickle用于python特有的数据类型与python的数据类型间进行转化,它能处理大多数python的数据类型,但只能在Python中使用

json.dumps() & json.loads()

import jsonlis = {1:'tom',2:'kim'}js_lis = json.dumps(lis)   # json.dumps()对内容序列化with open('db','wb') as wf:    wf.write(js_lis)## {"1": "tom", "2": "kim"}with open('db','rb') as rf:    js_file = json.loads(rf.read())   # json.loads()对内容反序列化    print js_file## {u'1': u'tom', u'2': u'kim'}

json.dump() & json.load()

import jsonlis = {1:'tom',2:'tom'}with open('db','wb') as wf:    json.dump(lis,wf)       # dump序列化数据,省略了一行代码,将内容与文件句柄一起处理,->PS:看源码## {"1": "tom", "2": "tom"}with open('db','rb') as rf:    js_rf = json.load(rf)  # load反序列化    print js_rf## {u'1': u'tom', u'2': u'tom'}

pickle.dumps() & pickle.loads()

import picklelis = {1:'tom',2:'kim'}pi_lis = pickle.dumps(lis)      # pickle.dumps()序列化数据是特有的类型,只能应用在Python中with open('db','wb') as wf:    wf.write(pi_lis)"""    (dp0I1S'tom'p1sI2S'kim'p2s."""with open('db','rb') as rf:    pi_rf = pickle.loads(rf.read())     # pickle.loads()将数据反序列化    print pi_rf## {1: 'tom', 2: 'kim'}

pickle.dump() & pickle.load()

import picklelis = {1:'tom',2:'tom'}with open('db','wb') as wf:    pickle.dump(lis,wf)       # dump序列化数据,省略了一行代码,将内容与文件句柄一起处理,->PS:看源码"""(dp0I1S'tom'p1sI2g1s."""with open('db','rb') as rf:    js_rf = pickle.load(rf)  # load反序列化    print js_rf## {1: 'tom', 2: 'tom'}

5、系统命令

可执行shell命令的相关模块和函数:

  • os.system
  • so.spawn*
  • os.popen*        --将被废弃
  • popen2.*         --将被废弃
  • commands.*     --将被废弃,3.x中被移除

这些将要被废弃或移除的模块会在subprocess模块中实现

(1)call()

执行命令并返回状态码

retcode = subprocess.call("ls -l",shell=True)retcode = subprocess.call(["ls","-l"],shell=False)# 执行命令是以字符串拼接的,指定shell=True将以shell终端运行命令,在windows平台下要指定shell=True,否则会报WindowsError

(2)check_call()

执行命令,如果状态码为0则返回0,否则抛异常

retcode = subprocess.check_call(["ls","-l"])retcode = subprocess.check_call("ls -l",shell=True)

(3)check_output()

执行命令并输出结果,如果返回码不为0,则抛异常

retcode = subprocess.check_output(["ls","-l"])retcode = subprocess.check_output("ls -l",shell=True)

(4)Popen()

subprocess.Popen()用于执行复杂的系统命令

参数:

  • args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
  • bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
  • stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
  • preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
  • close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
    所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
  • shell:同上
  • cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
  • env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
  • universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \n
  • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
    将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等
# Popen()首先会返回一个寄存器地址,然后输出结果>>> subprocess.Popen(["ls","-l"])
>>> total 0-rw-rw-r-- 1 tom tom 0 Dec 1 09:42 model.py>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -l",shell=True)
>>> total 0-rw-rw-r-- 1 tom tom 0 Dec 1 09:42 model.py
Popen常规使用

使用Python环境进行shell命用调用

>> retcode = subprocess.Popen(["python"],stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)    # 交互时使用方式>>> retcode.stdin.write("print 1 \n")>>> retcode.stdin.write("print 2 \n")>>> retcode.communicate()  # 将输入命令的结果输出('1\n2\n', '')             # 问题,最后为什么会有一个空''?

6、shutil

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

(1)shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])

将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""    while 1:        buf = fsrc.read(length)        if not buf:            break        fdst.write(buf)

(2)shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):    """Copy data from src to dst"""    if _samefile(src, dst):        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))    for fn in [src, dst]:        try:            st = os.stat(fn)        except OSError:            # File most likely does not exist            pass        else:            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

(3)shutil.copymode(src, dst)

仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

def copymode(src, dst):    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        st = os.stat(src)        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)        os.chmod(dst, mode)

(4)shutil.copystat(src, dst)

拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""    st = os.stat(src)    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):        os.chmod(dst, mode)    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):        try:            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)        except OSError, why:            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):                    break            else:                raise

(5)shutil.copy(src, dst)

拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copymode(src, dst)

(6)shutil.copy2(src, dst)

拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").    The destination may be a directory.    """    if os.path.isdir(dst):        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))    copyfile(src, dst)    copystat(src, dst)

(7)shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)   &   shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)

递归的去拷贝文件

例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns    that are used to exclude files"""    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):        ignored_names = []        for pattern in patterns:            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))        return set(ignored_names)    return _ignore_patternsdef copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().    The destination directory must not already exist.    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic    links are copied.    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should    not be copied.    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.    """    names = os.listdir(src)    if ignore is not None:        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)    else:        ignored_names = set()    os.makedirs(dst)    errors = []    for name in names:        if name in ignored_names:            continue        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)        try:            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)            else:                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types                copy2(srcname, dstname)        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can        # continue with other files        except Error, err:            errors.extend(err.args[0])        except EnvironmentError, why:            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))    try:        copystat(src, dst)    except OSError, why:        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows            pass        else:            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))    if errors:        raise Error, errors

(8)shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])

递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, οnerrοr=None):    """Recursively delete a directory tree.    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.    """    if ignore_errors:        def onerror(*args):            pass    elif onerror is None:        def onerror(*args):            raise    try:        if os.path.islink(path):            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")    except OSError:        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns        return    names = []    try:        names = os.listdir(path)    except os.error, err:        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())    for name in names:        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)        try:            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode        except os.error:            mode = 0        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)        else:            try:                os.remove(fullname)            except os.error, err:                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())    try:        os.rmdir(path)    except os.error:        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

(9)shutil.move(src, dst)

递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is    similar to the Unix "mv" command.    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already    exist.    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of    the issues this implementation glosses over.    """    real_dst = dst    if os.path.isdir(dst):        if _samefile(src, dst):            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,            # perform the rename anyway.            os.rename(src, dst)            return        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))        if os.path.exists(real_dst):            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst    try:        os.rename(src, real_dst)    except OSError:        if os.path.isdir(src):            if _destinsrc(src, dst):                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)            rmtree(src)        else:            copy2(src, real_dst)            os.unlink(src)

(10)shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar

  • base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
    如:www                        =>保存至当前路径
    如:/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
  • format: 压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
  • root_dir: 要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
  • owner: 用户,默认当前用户
  • group: 组,默认当前组
  • logger: 用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"    or "gztar".    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,    uses the current owner and group.    """    save_cwd = os.getcwd()    if root_dir is not None:        if logger is not None:            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)        if not dry_run:            os.chdir(root_dir)    if base_dir is None:        base_dir = os.curdir    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}    try:        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]    except KeyError:        raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format    func = format_info[0]    for arg, val in format_info[1]:        kwargs[arg] = val    if format != 'zip':        kwargs['owner'] = owner        kwargs['group'] = group    try:        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)    finally:        if root_dir is not None:            if logger is not None:                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)            os.chdir(save_cwd)    return filename

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:

import zipfile# 压缩z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')z.write('a.log')z.write('data.data')z.close()# 解压z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')z.extractall()z.close()import tarfile# 压缩tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')tar.close()# 解压tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址tar.close()

7、configParser

用于对特定的配置或配置文件内容进行操作,当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

"""$ cat db.cfg[section1]key1 = aavalue1 = bb[section2]key2 = ccvalue2 = dd"""import ConfigParser# 读取文件内容cp = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()cp.read('db.cfg')# 获取配置文件中sections名content = cp.sections()print content## ['section1', 'section2']# 获取配置文件中sections下行的options名opt = cp.options("section1")print opt## ['key1', 'value1']# 获取文件中指定sections下的内容,以list&tuple的形式输出ite_list = cp.items("section1")print ite_list## [('key1', 'aa'), ('value1', 'bb')]# 获取sections下key的值ge = cp.get("section1","key1")print ge## aa# 删除一行key值sec = cp.remove_option("section1","key1")cp.write(open("db.cfg","w"))# 添加一个section名sec = cp.has_section("new")sec = cp.add_section("new")cp.write(open("db.cfg","wb"))# 添加一串section内容sec = cp.set("new","key3","xx")cp.write(open("db.cfg","wb"))# 删除指定section下key值sec = cp.remove_option("section2","key2")cp.write(open("db.cfg","w"))

8、logging

用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块

import logging# 设置全局日志级别logger = logging.getLogger("example")logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)# 设置屏幕输出级别ch = logging.StreamHandler()ch.setLevel(logging.WARNING)# 设置日志文件记录级别fh = logging.FileHandler("db.log")fh.setLevel(logging.INFO)# 设置日志格式,并应用formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s")ch.setFormatter(formatter)fh.setFormatter(formatter)# 调用上面定义的logger接口logger.addHandler(ch)logger.addHandler(fh)# 设定信息logger.critical("critical message...")logger.error("error message...")logger.warning("warning message")logger.info("info message...")logger.debug("debug message...")

日志级别

log levelCRITICAL = 50FATAL = CRITICALERROR = 40WARNING = 30WARN = WARNINGINFO = 20DEBUG = 10NOTSET = 0

日志格式参数

9、时间相关

time

时间戳:                      1970年1月1日以秒为单位开始计时。1449065828.188416  ==  time.time()

格式化的字符串:        2015-12-7 == time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
结构化时间:               元组中包含了年、月、日、星期... time.struct_time(tm_year=2015,...) == time.localtime()

import time# Time Stampprint time.time()                           # 时间戳形式表示当前时间print time.mktime(time.localtime())         # 将结构化时间转为时间戳# Structural Timeprint time.localtime()                      # 结构化形式表示当前时间,可加时间戳参数print time.gmtime()                         # 结构化形式表示,可加时间戳参数# String Formatprint time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S')            # 字符串形式表示,自定格式print time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d',time.localtime())    # 显示当前时间print time.strptime('2015-12-7','%Y-%m-%d')         # 将字符串形式转为结构化形式print time.asctime()                        # 显示当前时间,也可以将结构形式转为字符串形式print time.asctime(time.localtime())print time.ctime(time.time())               # 将时间戳形式转换为字符串形式

datetime

'''datetime.date:表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, daydatetime.time:表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microseconddatetime.datetime:表示日期时间datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]])strftime("%Y-%m-%d")'''import datetimeprint datetime.datetime.now()           # 显示当前时间## 2015-12-07 18:29:22.173000# 时间的运算print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=5)## 2015-12-02 18:31:17.391000

10、re

在Python中re模块用于正则表达式的操作

字符

. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符

\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字
\s 匹配任意的空白符
\d 匹配数字
\b 匹配单词的开始或结束
^ 匹配字符串的开始
$ 匹配字符串的结束

次数

* 重复零次或更多次

+ 重复一次或更多次
? 重复零次或一次
{n} 重复n次
{n,} 重复n次或更多次
{n,m} 重复n到m次

(1)match(pattern,string,flags=0)

从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个

pattern -- 正则表达式

string -- 要匹配的字符串

flags -- 标志位,用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式

import reprint re.match("\d","1adf121sdfa").group()      # 注意match()只匹配第一个哦## 1
# flagsI = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore caseL = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit localeU = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode localeM = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newlineX = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
flag

(2)search(pattern, string, flags=0)

根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个

import reprint re.search("\d+","dfsdfsa2sdfa").group()      # 注意math()只匹配一次,而不是第一个## 2

(3)group和groups

import releatter = '123abc456'print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)",leatter).group(0)    # group()将匹配到的内容以字符串输出## 123abc456print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)",leatter).group(1)## 123print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)",leatter).group(2)## abcprint re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)",leatter).groups()    # groups()将匹配到的内容以元组输出## ('123', 'abc', '456')

(4)findall(pattern, string, flags=0)

上述两中方式均用于匹配单值,即:只能匹配字符串中的一个,如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素,则需要使用 findall。

import reprint re.findall('\d+','adfa11233xcvfsdf')  # 需要注意的这里并指定group/groups,而且以list输出内容## ['11233']

(5)sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)

用于替换匹配的字符串,功能要比str.repleace强大

import reletter = 'saf23sdf2132'print re.sub('\d+','www',letter)    # 将所有匹配到的内容替换## safwwwsdfwwwprint re.sub('\d+','www',letter,1)  # 将匹配到的内容替换一次

(6)split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)

根据指定匹配进行分组

import restring = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"print re.split("\*",string)     # 不指定匹配,将匹配到的所有内容当作分割点## ["'1 - 2 ", ' ((60-30+1', '(9-2', '5/3+7/3', '99/4', '2998+10', '568/14))-(-4', '3)/(16-3', "2) )'"]print re.split("\*",string,1)   # 指定匹配次数## ["'1 - 2 ", " ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"]print re.split("[\+\-\*\/]+",string)    # 以 '+ - * /' 为分隔符分割## ["'1 ", ' 2 ', ' ((60', '30', '1', ……… '(', '4', '3)', '(16', '3', "2) )'"]inpp = '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))'inpp = re.sub('\s*','',inpp)    # 将空格替换掉print re.split('\(([\+\-\*\/]?\d+[\+\-\*\/]?\d+){1}\)', inpp, 1)    # 以 '()'为分割符分割## ['1-2*((60-30+', '-40-5', '*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2))']

(7)实例--模拟计算器

11、random

import randomprint random.random()           # 随机产生一个小于1的符点数print random.randint(1,3)       # 随机产生1 - 3之间的一个数print random.randrange(1,10)    # 随机产生1 - 10之间的一个数

随机实例

# 需要注意的是chr中数值的对应checkcode = ''for i in range(4):    current = random.randrange(0,4)    if current != i:        temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))    else:        temp = random.randint(0,9)    checkcode += str(temp)print checkcode

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/YaYaTang/p/4994518.html

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